Three New Beavers from Utah
Author: Stephen David Durrant; Harold S. Crane
Date: 2010-11-16T00:00:00+00:00
Keywords: American beaver -- Utah -- Classification; Beavers -- Classification

The Project Gutenberg eBook of Three New Beavers from Utah

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Three New Beavers from Utah

Author: Stephen David Durrant

Harold S. Crane

Release date: November 16, 2010 [eBook #34340]
Most recently updated: January 7, 2021

Language: English

Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34340

Credits: Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci,
The Internet Archive for some images, and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net.

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THREE NEW BEAVERS FROM UTAH ***

Three New Beavers from Utah

By

STEPHEN D. DURRANT and HAROLD S. CRANE

University of Kansas Publications

Museum of Natural History

Volume 1, No. 20, pp. 407-417, 7 figs. in text
December 24, 1948

University of Kansas
LAWRENCE
1948

University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History
Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, Edward H. Taylor
Volume 1, No. 20, pp. 407-417, 7 figs. in text
December 24, 1948

University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas

PRINTED BY
FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER
TOPEKA, KANSAS
1948

22-3716

Three New Beavers from Utah

By

STEPHEN D. DURRANT AND HAROLD S. CRANE

The subspecific identity of beavers from Utah seems never to have been carefully investigated. With the exception of the name Castor canadensis repentinus applied to animals from Zion and Parunuweap canyons by Presnall (1938:14), all other writers from 1897 until the present time, have used for animals from Utah, the name combination Castor canadensis frondator Mearns, the type of which is from Sonora, Mexico. Study of specimens of beavers from Utah, accumulated in the collections of the Museum of Zoölogy, University of Utah, proves these animals to be far more variable than formerly supposed, and discloses the existence of three hitherto unnamed kinds, which are named and described below.

We recognize the need for caution in proposing new names for American beavers, because the transplanting of these animals from one watershed to another may have permitted the animals of a given area to change genetically, say, through hybridization, and may also have altered the geographic distribution of the several kinds. The officials of the Utah State Fish and Game Commission have assured us that such transplants have not occurred in the areas where these three new kinds are found, and further that nowhere in the state have transplants been made from one major drainage system to another; such transplants as have been made were only within the same major drainage system.

The capitalized color terms used in this paper are after Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912. All measurements are in millimeters. We are indebted to the officials of the United States National Museum for the loan of comparative materials.

Castor canadensis pallidus new subspecies

Type.—Female, adult, skin and skull, number 719, Museum of Zoölogy, University of Utah; Lynn Canyon, 7,500 ft., Boxelder County, Utah; September 7, 1932; collected by W. W. Newby.

Range.—Known only from the Raft River Mountains.

Diagnosis.—Size small; tail and hind foot short (see measurements). Color (type): Pale, upper parts uniformly Ochraceous-Buff; underfur Snuff Brown; underparts uniformly Light Buff, grading to Light Ochraceous-Buff at base of tail; underfur Light Drab; front and hind feet Light Ochraceous-Buff. Skull: Rostrum short; nasals broad (breadth averaging 54 per cent of length), constricted posteriorly and barely projecting posteriorly beyond premaxillae; zygomatic arches robust, but not widely spreading (zygomatic breadth 77 per cent of basilar length); mastoid breadth 73 per cent of zygomatic breadth; anterolateral margin of orbit narrow (6.2); occipital condyles visible from dorsal view; condylobasal length greater than occipitonasal length; upper incisors narrow (Orange Chrome in color); coronoid processes high and wide; cheek teeth narrow.

Measurements.—Measurements of the type are as follows: Total length, 1040; length of tail, 380; length of hind foot, 157; length of ear, 35; occipitonasal length, 129.1; basilar length, 116.6; mastoid breadth, 65.6; interorbital breadth, 23.6; length of nasals, 43.3; zygomatic breadth, 89.7; breadth of nasals, 23.4; alveolar length of upper molariform teeth, 30.4.

Comparisons.—From topotypes and near topotypes of Castor canadensis taylori, C. c. pallidus differs as follows: Size smaller; tail and hind foot shorter. Color: Markedly lighter throughout. Skull: Nasals shorter and wider (breadth of nasals averages 54 per cent of length of nasals, as opposed to 46 per cent); nasals barely projecting posteriorly beyond premaxillae; rostrum shorter; zygomatic breadth relative to basilar length less; mastoid breadth actually as well as relatively greater; interorbital breadth greater; occipitonasal length shorter rather than longer than condylobasal length; tympanic bullae smaller; coronoid process higher and wider; cheek teeth narrower.

From specimens of Castor canadensis baileyi, from 20 miles north northeast of Elko, Elko County, Nevada, C. c. pallidus differs as follows: Body smaller; tail longer; hind foot shorter; ears shorter: Color: Markedly lighter throughout. Skull: Larger; nasals shorter and wider (breadth of nasals averages 54 per cent of length of nasals as opposed to 41 per cent); nasals barely projecting posteriorly beyond premaxillae; rostrum broader; zygomatic breadth relative to basilar length less; mastoid breadth actually as well as relatively greater; occipitonasal length less rather than greater than condylobasal length; tympanic bullae smaller; coronoid process higher and wider; cheek teeth narrower.

From one topotype and two specimens of Castor canadensis repentinus, from the Colorado River at Yuma, Yuma County, Arizona, C. c. pallidus differs as follows: Tail and hind foot shorter. Color: Lighter throughout. Skull: Narrower; nasals shorter and wider (breadth of nasals averages 54 per cent of length of nasals as opposed to 47 per cent); nasals barely projecting posteriorly beyond premaxillae; rostrum shorter; zygomatic breadth relative to basilar length less; mastoid breadth actually as well relatively greater; tympanic bullae narrower and smaller; coronoid process higher and wider; cheek teeth narrower.

From one specimen of Castor canadensis concisor, from Trappers Lake, Garfield County, Colorado, and from the original description of that subspecies (Warren and Hall, 1939: 358), C. c. pallidus differs as follows: Size smaller. Color: Markedly lighter throughout. Skull: Smaller, narrower; nasals shorter and wider (breadth of nasals averages 54 per cent of length of nasals as opposed to 48 per cent); rostrum shorter; zygomatic breadth relative to basilar length less; mastoid breadth relative to zygomatic breadth greater; tympanic bullae narrower and smaller; jugals narrower; distal end of meatal tube smaller; coronoid process shorter and wider; angular process shorter and rounded rather than nearly pointed; cheek teeth narrower.

From the type and near topotypes of Castor canadensis rostralis, C. c. pallidus differs as follows: Size smaller; tail and hind foot shorter. Color: Markedly lighter throughout. Skull: Smaller and narrower; rostrum shallower and narrower; posterior end of nasals more constricted and barely projecting posteriorly beyond premaxillae; zygomatic breadth relative to basilar length less; mastoid breadth actually as well as relatively greater; dorsal surface of lacrimal bone larger; tympanic bullae narrower; coronoid process higher and wider; angular process not projecting so far caudad; cheek teeth narrower.

From the type and near topotypes of Castor canadensis duchesnei, C. c. pallidus differs as follows: Size smaller; tail and hind foot shorter. Color: Lighter throughout. Skull: Shorter, narrower and less massive; nasals shorter and wider (breadth of nasals averages 54 per cent of length of nasals as opposed to 46 per cent); nasals barely projecting posteriorly beyond premaxillae; rostrum shorter and narrower; zygomatic breadth relative to basilar length less; mastoid breadth actually as well as relatively greater; tympanic bullae narrower and smaller; coronoid process higher and wider; angular process not projecting so far caudad; cheek teeth narrower.

Remarks.—The Raft River Mountains of extreme northwestern Utah, where C. c. pallidus occurs, are the only mountains of the state within the drainage of the Snake River. The Snake River proper lies 50 miles to the northward in Idaho and contains another kind of beaver, C. c. taylori (Davis, 1939: 273). Although occurring within the same drainage as C. c. taylori, C. c. pallidus is as distinct from it as from any other named kind. The relationships of C. c. pallidus, as indicated by the short rostrum and short, wide nasals, are rather more with C. c. rostralis of the Wasatch Mountains, than with C. c. taylori.

The pale color of the animals belonging to C. c. pallidus was noted at the time of capture, and is the same in the young specimen (625 mm. total length) as in the type, an adult.

Specimens examined.—Total, 2, distributed as follows: Boxelder County: Raft River, 5 mi. S Yost, Raft River Mountains, 6,000 ft., 1; Lynn Canyon, Raft River Mountains, 7,500 ft., 1.

Castor canadensis rostralis new subspecies

Type.—Male, young adult, skin and skull, number 5199, Museum of Zoölogy, University of Utah; Red Butte Canyon, Fort Douglas, 5,000 ft., Salt Lake County, Utah; October 13, 1947; collected by Harold S. Crane and Clifton M. Greenhalgh, original number 446 of Crane.

Range.—Known from the western streams of the Wasatch Mountains; probably occurs in all streams draining westward into the basin of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville.

Diagnosis.—Size large; tail and hind foot long (see measurements). Color (type): Upper parts Snuff Brown, purest on head; underfur Brownish Black (2); base of tail Cinnamon Buff; hind feet Carob Brown; ears Blackish Brown (2); underparts Auburn, grading posteriorly to Cinnamon Buff; underfur Light Drab. Skull: Large, massive; nasals short and broad (breadth averaging 54 per cent of length) and moderately convex transversely; rostrum deep and broad; ventral surface of rostrum moderately concave dorsally; dorsal surface of lacrimal bone small; frontal region generally flat; zygomatic arches robust and widely spreading (zygomatic breadth averaging 82 per cent of basilar length).

Measurements.—Measurements of the type and average and extreme cranial measurements of 6 unsexed adults from Charleston, are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 1,330; length of tail, 470; length of hind foot, 170; length of ear, 34; occipitonasal length, 128.2, 134.3 (142.1-129.5); basilar length, 112.4, 117.2 (128.2-113.2); mastoid breadth, 62.5, 64.3 (68.9-60.2); interorbital breadth, 27.9, 26.0 (26.9-26.0); zygomatic breadth, 91.3, 93.8 (105.8-90.8); length of nasals, 44.9, 43.9 (51.3-41.5); breadth of nasals, 24.5, 23.7 (25.7-22.0); alveolar length of upper molariform teeth, 28.3, 30.9 (32.5-28.7).

Comparisons.—From topotypes and near topotypes of Castor canadensis taylori, C. c. rostralis differs as follows: Color: Darker on upper parts owing to darker underfur, guard hairs actually lighter. Skull: Longer; nasals shorter and wider (breadth of nasals averages 54 per cent of length of nasals as opposed to 47 per cent); extension of nasals posterior to premaxillae less; rostrum shorter, broader and deeper; dorsal surface of lacrimal bone smaller; zygomatic breadth relative to basilar length greater; mastoid breadth relative to zygomatic breadth less; coronoid process shorter; coronoid and condyloid processes farther apart and space between them shallower.

From one topotype and two specimens from the Colorado River at Yuma, Yuma County, Arizona, of Castor canadensis repentinus, C. c. rostralis differs as follows: Size larger; tail longer. Color: Darker throughout. Skull: Longer; nasals shorter and wider (breadth of nasals relative to length of nasals averages 54 per cent as opposed to 47 per cent); extension of nasals posterior to premaxillae less; rostrum shorter, deeper and wider; zygomatic breadth relative to basilar length greater; mastoid breadth actually as well as relatively greater; dorsal surface of lacrimal bone smaller; coronoid and condylar processes farther apart and space between them shallower.

From specimens of Castor canadensis baileyi, from 20 miles north northeast of Elko, Elko County, Nevada, C. c. rostralis differs as follows: Size larger; tail and hind foot longer. Color: Darker throughout. Skull: Larger in all measurements taken; nasals markedly wider (breadth of nasals relative to length of nasals averages 54 per cent as opposed to 41 per cent); extension of nasals posterior to premaxillae less; dorsal surface of lacrimal bone smaller; mastoid breadth relative to zygomatic breadth less.

From one specimen of Castor canadensis concisor, from Trappers Lake, Garfield County, Colorado, and from the original description of that subspecies (Warren and Hall, 1939: 358), C. c. rostralis differs as follows: Color: Guard hairs lighter; underfur darker (blackish as opposed to brownish). Skull: Longer and narrower; nasals broader and shorter (breadth of nasals averages 54 per cent of length of nasals as opposed to 48 per cent); dorsal surface of lacrimal bone smaller; distal end of meatal tube smaller; distal end of angular process rounded rather than pointed; coronoid process shorter; coronoid and condylar processes farther apart and space between them shallower.

Among known kinds of Castor canadensis, C. c. rostralis is most like Castor canadensis duchesnei, from which the former subspecies differs as follows: Tail and hind foot longer. Color: Darker throughout. Skull: Nasals shorter and wider (breadth of nasals averages 54 per cent of length of nasals as opposed to 46 per cent); nasals less arched transversely; rostrum shorter, deeper and broader; ventral surface of rostrum less concave dorsally; dorsal surface of lacrimal bone smaller.

For comparison with Castor canadensis pallidus, see account of that subspecies.

Remarks.—Animals from Kamas, in the drainage of the Weber River, are intergrades between C. c. rostralis and C. c. duchesnei, but their short, wide nasals and wide rostra make them referable to C. c. rostralis.

The available specimens of C. c. rostralis are all from streams which ultimately empty into Great Salt Lake, which is in the northern part of the basin of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville. Some streams drain into the Lake Bonneville Basin without emptying into Great Salt Lake proper. Beavers from these streams, we suspect, when they become known, will be found to be related to C. c. rostralis.

Specimens examined.—Total, 16 (2 skins and skulls, 14 skulls only), distributed as follows: Summit County: Kamas, 5,500 ft., 6. Salt Lake County: Red Butte Canyon, Fort Douglas, 5,000 ft., 1; Millcreek Canyon, 6 mi. above mouth, 7,000 ft., 1. Wasatch County: Charleston, Heber Valley, 5,500 ft., 8.

Castor canadensis duchesnei new subspecies

Type.—Male, young adult, skin and skull, number 4625, Museum of Zoölogy, University of Utah; Duchesne River, 10 miles northwest of Duchesne, 5,600 ft., Duchesne County, Utah; September 23, 1946; collected by Dave Thomas, original number 160 of K. R. Kelson.

Range.—Drainage of the Duchesne and White rivers in Utah and Colorado.

Diagnosis.—Size large; tail long (see measurements). Color (type): Upper parts Sayal Brown, purest on head, grading to Cinnamon Buff at base of tail; underfur Fuscous; hind feet Burnt Umber; ears Fuscous Black; underparts Tawny Olive; underfur Smoke Gray. Skull: Large, massive; nasals long, slender (breadth averaging 46 per cent of length) and markedly convex transversely; rostrum long and attenuate; zygomatic arches heavy and widely spreading (zygomatic breadth averaging 81.5 per cent of basilar length); ventral surface of rostrum markedly concave dorsally, especially immediately behind upper incisors; nasals extend posterior to premaxillae.

Measurements.—Measurements of the type and average and extreme cranial measurements of 9 unsexed adults, from Currant Creek, are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 1,176; length of tail, 458; length of hind foot, 165; length of ear, 33; occipitonasal length, 123.6, 132.1 (138.5-122.3); basilar length, 98.6, 114.4 (125.8-99.2); mastoid breadth, 60.4, 65.1 (67.2-64.1); interorbital breadth, 23.0, 25.1 (26.1-23.7); zygomatic breadth, 88.3, 94.2 (99.7-89.5); length of nasals, 46.1, 48.4 (51.5-46.2); breadth of nasals, 20.5, 22.5 (24.5-18.8); alveolar length of upper molariform teeth, 28.9, 29.9 (32.2-26.5).

Figs. 1-4 Dorsal views of skulls of Castor canadensis. × 1/2

Fig. 1. Castor canadensis rostralis, male, young adult, no. 5199 (holotype), Mus. Zoöl., Univ. Utah.

Fig. 2. Castor canadensis pallidus, female, adult, no. 719 (holotype), Mus. Zoöl., Univ. Utah.

Fig. 3. Castor canadensis duchesnei, male, young adult, no. 4625 (holotype), Mus. Zoöl., Univ. Utah.

Fig. 4. Castor canadensis concisor, male, adult, no. 2090, Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Kansas, from Trappers Lake, Garfield County, Colorado, obtained by L. L. Dyche, October 22, 1891.

Comparisons.—From topotypes and near topotypes of Castor canadensis taylori, C. c. duchesnei differs as follows: Color: Guard hairs lighter, underfur darker. Skull: Nasals narrower; rostrum narrower; mastoid breadth relative to zygomatic breadth less; zygomatic breadth relative to basilar length greater; tympanic bullae narrower and smaller; cheek teeth narrower.

Figs. 5-7 Lateral views of left side of skulls of Castor canadensis. × 1/2

Fig. 5. Castor canadensis rostralis, male, young adult, no. 5199 (holotype), Mus. Zoöl., Univ. Utah.

Fig. 6. Castor canadensis pallidus, female, adult, no. 719 (holotype), Mus. Zoöl., Univ. Utah.

Fig. 7. Castor canadensis duchesnei, male, young adult, no. 4625 (holotype), Mus. Zoöl., Univ. Utah.

From specimens of Castor canadensis baileyi, from 20 miles north northeast of Elko, Elko County, Nevada, C. c. duchesnei differs as follows: Size larger; tail and hind foot longer. Color: Guard hairs lighter, underfur darker. Skull: Larger in all measurements taken; nasals broader and longer (breadth of nasals averages 46 per cent of length of nasals as opposed to 41 per cent); rostrum broader and longer; mastoid breadth relative to zygomatic breadth less; tympanic bullae larger.

From one specimen of Castor canadensis concisor, from Trappers Lake, Garfield County, Colorado, and from the original description of that subspecies (Warren and Hall, 1939: 358), C. c. duchesnei differs as follows: Color: Lighter throughout. Skull: Nasals more convex transversely; rostrum narrower; ventral border of rostrum more concave dorsally, especially immediately behind upper incisors; distal end of meatal tube smaller; angular process shorter and rounded rather than pointed; cheek teeth smaller.

Among known subspecies of Castor canadensis, C. c. duchesnei is most like Castor canadensis repentinus, but differs from the latter as follows: Size larger; hind foot shorter. Color: Darker throughout. Skull: Basilar length less; mastoid breadth greater; nasals shorter and narrower; extension of nasals posterior to premaxillae less; nasals more convex transversely; cheek teeth smaller.

For comparisons with Castor canadensis pallidus and Castor canadensis rostralis, see accounts of those subspecies.

Remarks.—The extent of the range of C. c. duchesnei within the drainage of the White River is not definitely known. Three animals from 9-1/2 miles southwest of Pagoda Peak, Rio Blanco County, Colorado, from the drainage of the White River, are intergrades between C. c. concisor and C. c. duchesnei. They are like the latter subspecies in shape and length of the nasals, less expanded distal end of the meatal tube and the rounded angular process, and it appears best, pending the acquisition of more material, to refer them to C. c. duchesnei. Another specimen, number 2090, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, from Trappers Lake, Garfield County, Colorado, at the headwaters of the White River, and only 16 miles distant from the three aforementioned animals, is, however, nearly typical of C. c. concisor. Relying upon the original description (Warren and Hall, 1939: 358), this animal is like C. c. concisor in size and shape of the jugals, in size of the distal end of the meatal tube and in the pointed end of the angular process. Warren and Hall (loc. cit.) noted that animals assignable to C. c. concisor occurred throughout the mountainous parts of Colorado, and recorded them from the headwaters of nearly all the major rivers of that state. Apparently C. c. concisor also occurs in the headwaters of the White River, while the main part of the river is inhabited by animals referable to C. c. duchesnei.

Specimens examined.—Total, 15 (4 skins and skulls, 11 skulls only), distributed as follows: Utah: Wasatch County: Currant Creek, Strawberry Valley, 6,000 ft., 11. Duchesne County: Duchesne River, 10 mi. NW Duchesne, 5,600 ft., 1. Colorado: Rio Blanco County: 9-1/2 mi. SW Pagoda Peak, 7,700 ft., 3 (Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas).

LITERATURE CITED

Davis, William B.

1939. The Recent mammals of Idaho. The Caxton Printers, Caldwell, Idaho, 400 pp., 2 full page half-tones, 33 figs. in text, April 5, 1939.

Presnall, C. C.

1938. Mammals of Zion-Bryce and Cedar Breaks. Zion-Bryce Mus. Bull., 2:1-20, January, 1938.

Warren, Edward R. and Hall, E. Raymond.

1939. A new subspecies of beaver from Colorado. Journ. Mamm., 20:358-362, 1 map, August 14, 1939.

Transmitted, May 15, 1948.

22-3716

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THREE NEW BEAVERS FROM UTAH ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg electronic works provided that:

- • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”

- • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.

- • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.

- • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg

Project Gutenberg is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 41 Watchung Plaza #516, Montclair NJ 07042, USA, +1 (862) 621-9288. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.

Table of Contents

- Three New Beavers from Utah

- STEPHEN D. DURRANT and HAROLD S. CRANE

- Three New Beavers from Utah

- STEPHEN D. DURRANT AND HAROLD S. CRANE

- LITERATURE CITED

- Transmitted, May 15, 1948. 22-3716

- THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE